The Classical Ottoman Era 6 Changes in the Classical Ottoman System 13 An Empire in Travail 20 The Reform Decree and the Young Ottomans 31 The Era of Abdülhamit II 43 Structural Characteristics of the CUP and 53 The CUP Supervisory Governmentfrom 67 Major Intellectual Currents of the Constitutional Era 82 Turkey Declared a Republic 182 Abolition of the Caliphate Leading to Secularism191 Revolution and Attempts at CounterRevolution198 The Cultural Revolution Comes to the Fore206 Economic and Political Developments217 Evaluation of Atatürk and his Revolution226 IISMET IINÖNÜ AND233 IInönü Establishes the MultiParty System242 The CUP in Full Power and Entry into89 The Struggle for Full Independence98 THE ERA OF ATATÜRK 113 From Samsun to the fall of the Damat Ferit128 The Third Period of Constitutional Government143 Establishment of the Turkish Grand National153 The Regular Armys Road to Victory161 The Great Victory and the Abolition of the Sultanate170