Introduction -- Saladin's pilgrims and the war to end war -- Modernity, militarism, and colonialism in the making of the Middle East -- Ottoman modernity -- Middle East colonialisms -- Legacies -- 1) Ottoman modernity in the long nineteenth century : training state servants and making citizens -- Modern education and a late Ottoman childhood -- Modernizing the state -- Conscription -- State military education and elite civil education -- Military culture and late Ottoman society -- The military academy and staff college -- Modern infrastructure -- Ottoman sons become saviors of the nation -- Civilian politicians and civil school graduates -- Conclusions -- 2) The theory and practice of colonialism in the post-Ottoman Middle East -- Wartime arrangements and proclamations -- The Paris Peace Conference and post-war negotiations -- The San Remo Conference and the Treaty of Sèvres -- The League of Nations and Anglo-French colonialism in the Middle East -- Mandate governance in practice -- The mandate in Palestine -- The mandate in Syria and Lebanon -- The mandate in Iraq and Transjordan -- Conclusions -- 3) Losing the war and fighting the settlement : the post-Ottoman Middle East takes shape, 1918-1922 -- The Battle of Nablus and the end of the Ottoman Empire -- Allenby and Faysal in Damascus -- Popular struggle after the armistice -- The Anatolian model and hope for salvation, 1920 -- San Remo and the Nabi Musa demonstrations in Jerusalem -- Iraq in revolt -- Anatolia and Cilicia -- Syria and Maysalun -- Churchill salvages the settlement -- Palestine May Day riots 1921 -- Ibrahim Hananu puts the settlement on trial -- Events in Anatolia -- Yasin paa returns to Iraq -- The last sultan -- Conclusions -- 4) League of Nations hopes and disappointments : the return of armed struggle in the post-Ottoman era, 1923-1927 -- The Lausanne Conference -- The League of Nations picks up the pieces -- The end of the caliphate -- Military confrontation eclipsed -- Civilian politicians in Damascus and Jerusalem -- Shakib Arslan in exile -- The rise of Yasin al-Hashimi and the Anglo-Iraqi treaty -- Armed insurgency in the French mandates -- France salvages its mandate -- William Rappard, the League of Nations, and France -- The end of the Syrian revolt -- Damage control at Geneva -- Aftermath of the Syrian revolt -- Colonial anxieties and imperial rivalries -- Conclusions -- 5) Colonial constitutions and treaties : post-Ottoman militarism, 1927-1936 -- Constitutions and colonial treaties : Iraq -- Syrian and Lebanon -- Transjordan -- Palestine : 1928 and 1929 -- Nuri al-Sacid delivers : the Anglo-Iraqi treaty of 1930 -- Syrian elections and martial law -- Independent Iraq -- Iraqi independence and its discontents -- Ibrahim Hananu and a false start for the Franco-Syrian treaty -- Desperation in Palestine and the death of Musa Kazim -- Yasin al-Hashimi retires and then returns -- Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Baghdad -- Ibrahim Hananu exits the scene -- Conclusions -- 6) The final days of the last Ottoman generation, 1936-1938 -- General strikes in Syria and Palestine -- The Palestine revolt -- The Franco-Syrian treaty and Syrian "independence" -- The fall of Yasin al-Hashimi -- Yasin paa in exile among the Syrians -- The death and funeral of Yasin al-Hashimi -- Conclusions -- 7) Epilogue and conclusion -- Saladin's companions and the beginning of the end for Anglo-French colonialism in the Middle East -- The Alexandretta crisis -- The Peel commission and the end of the Palestine mandate -- General amnesty in Syria -- The end of the League of Nations mandates -- The mandate inheritance in the Arab East.