Başlık:
UNCITRAL legal guide on international countertrade transactions
Yazar:
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law.
ISBN:
9789211334449
Fiziksel Tanımlama:
ix, 192 pages ; 24 cm.
Genel Not:
"United Nations publication sales no. E.93.V.7"--T.p. verso.
İçerik:
Introduction . A. Origin and purpose of the Legal Guide · · . . . 1 B. Arrangement of the Guide · . · · · · · · 3 C. Recommendations in the Guide · . . . . . . 3 D. Illustrative provisions · .. · · · · · · · · · 4 E. Invitation to the readers · · · · · · · · · 4 Chapter 1. SCOPE AND TERMINOLOGY OF THE LEGAL GU/DE. . . . . 5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 A. Transactions covered · · · · · · · · · 6 B. Focus on issues specific to countertrade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 C. Govemmental regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 D. Universal scope of the Legal Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 E. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. V arieties of countertrade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2. Parties to countertrade transaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Countertrade transaction and its elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 II. CONTRACTING APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 A. Structure of countertrade transaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. Single contract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ( a) Barter contract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 (b) Merged contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. Separate supply contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ( a) Export contract and countertrade agreement concluded simultaneously . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 (b) Countertrade agreement concluded prior to conclusion of definite supply contracts . . . . . . . . . . 18 ( c) Export contract, counter-export contract and countertrade agreement concluded simultaneously . 18 B. Contents of countertrade agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1. Countertrade agreement with countertrade commitment . 20 2. Countertrade agreement without countertrade commitment.......................................... 21 iii "L 8 J • 1 .., 9 C. Insurance and financing considerations Page 22 111. COUNTERTRADE COMMITMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 A. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 B. Extent of countertrade comnıitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 C. Stage when commitment fulfilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 D. Time period for fulfılment of countertrade commitment. . . . 29 1. Length of fulfılment period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2. Extension of fulfılment period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3. Subperiods within fulfılment period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 E. Defining eligible supply contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1. By type of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2. By geographical origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3. By identity of supplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4. By identity of purchaser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5. Non-confornıing purchases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 F. Rate of fulfılment credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 G. Defining terms of future supply contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1. Ternıs of future supply contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ( a) Standards or guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 (b) Deternıination of contract ternı by third person. . . 38 ( c) Deternıination of contract ternı by contract party . 39 2. Negotiation procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 H. Monitoring and recording fulfılment of countertrade commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1. Exchange of infornıation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2. Confirmation of fulfılment of countertrade commitment 42 3. Evidence accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 iV. GENERAL REMARKS ON DRAFTING................... 45 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 A. General renıarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 B. Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 C. Parties to transaction 49 D. Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 E. Definitions 51 iv 1 ~! G .ı---~---Page V. TYPE, QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF GOODS........... 52 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 A. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 B. Type of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 1. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2. List of possible goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3. Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4. Technology... .. . . . . .. . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ... . 56 5. Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 C. Quality of goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1. Specifying quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2. Pre-contractual quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 (a) Identity of inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 ( b) lnspection procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 ( c) Effect of inspector' s finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 D. Quantity of goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 E. Modification of provisions on type, quality and quantity . . . 63 VI. PRICING OF GOODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 A. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 B. Currency of price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 C. Determining price after conclusion of countertrade agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 1. Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ( a) Market prices for goods or services of standard quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 (b) Production cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 (c) Competitor's price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 (d) Most-favoured-customer clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 (e) Use of more than one standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 2. Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3. Determination of price by third person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4. Determination of price by one party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 D. Pricing of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 E. Pricing of technology transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 F. Revision of price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 1. Reapplication of price clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VII. PARTICIPATION OF THIRD PARTIES................... 77 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 A. General remarks · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 B. Purchase of countertrade goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 1. Countertrade agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 ( a) Selection of third party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 (b) Liability for fulfılment of countertrade comınitment 81 2. Contractual relationship between party originally cornmitted and third party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 (a) Third party's commitment to purchase goods . . . . 83 (b) Third party's fee... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 (c) "Hold-harmless" clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 (d) Exclusivity of third party's mandate............ 87 C. Supply of countertrade goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 1. Selection of third party by party committed to purchase 88 2. Selection of third party by party committed to supply . 88 D. Multi-party countertrade.............................. 89 VIII. PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 A. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 B. Retention of funds by importer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 C. Blocking of funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2. Blocked accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 ( a) Countertrade agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 (i) Location of account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 (ii) Operation of blocked account . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 (iii) Other issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 (b) Blocked account agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 (i) Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 (ii) Transfer of funds into and out of account . . 98 (iii) Duration and closing of account . . . . . . . . . . 99 3. Crossed letters of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 ( a) Sequence of issuance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 ( b) Instructions for allocation of proceeds . . . . . . . . . . 100 (c) Expiry dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 vi Page D. Set-off of countervailing claims for payment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 l. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2. Countertrade agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 ( a) Effecting credit and debit entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 (b) Calculation of erıtries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 ( c) Statements of account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 ( d) Periodic verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 (e) Limits on outstanding balance................. 104 (j) Settlement of outstanding balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 ( g) Guarantee for payment of outstanding balance. . . . 105 E. Issues common to linked payment mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . 105 1. Currency or unit of account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2. Designation of banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 3. Interbank agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4. Transfer of unused or excess funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5. Supplementary payments or deliveries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6. Bank commissions and charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 F. Paymen aspects of multi-party countertrade transactions . . . 107 1. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2. Blocking of funds in multi-party countertrade . . . . . . . . 109 IX. RESTRICTIONS ON RESALE OF COUNTERTRADE GOODS 1 I 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 A. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 12 B. Duty to inform or consult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 C. Territorial and related restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 D. Resale price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 E. Packaging and marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 F. Application to third-party purchasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 G. Review of restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 X. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES AND PENALTY CLAUSES...... 119 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 A. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 B. Relationship of recovery of agreed sum to recovery of damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 C. Effect of payment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 D. Amount of agreed sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 E. Obtaining agreed sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 vii Page F. Tennination of countertrade commitment and clauses for payment of agreed sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 XI. SECURITY FOR PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 A. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 B. Guarantee provisions in countertrade agreement . . . . . . . . . . 132 1. Choice of guarantor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2. Conditions for obtaining payment under the guarantee . 134 3. Amount of guarantee and reduction of amount . . . . . . . 135 4. Time of providing guarantee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 ( a) At entry into force of countertrade agreement or shortly thereafter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 (b) Later in fulfilment period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5. Duration of guarantee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 (a) Expiry date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 (b) Retum of guarantee instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 (c) Extension.................................. 138 6. Modification or tennination of countertrade agreement . 138 C. Guarantee covering imbalance in trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 1. Guarantee for shipment in one direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 2. Mutual guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 XII. FAILURE TO COMPLETE COUNTERTRADE TRANSACTION....................................... 142 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 A. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 B. Remedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 1. Release from part or ali of countertrade commitment . . 144 2. Monetary compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 C. Exempting impediments.............................. 146 1. Legal consequences of exempting impediments . . . . . . . 147 2. Defining exempting impediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Özet:
Adopted by UNCITRAL on 12 May 1992, the purpose of the Legal Guide is to assist parties negotiating international countertrade transactions, whether for goods, services, technology or other economic value. It identifies legal issues involved in such transactions and discusses possible contractual solutions.
Tüzel Kişi Ek Girişi:
Başlık Ek Girişi:
Legal guide on international countertrade transactions.
Copies:
Mevcut:*
Library | Materyal Türü | Demirbaş | Yer Numarası | Durumu / Lokasyon / İade Tarihi |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arıyor... | Kitap | EKOBKN0005023 | 341.754 UNC 1993 | Arıyor... |