List of figures -- List of tables. Introduction. Demands for representation : The recurrent crisis of representative democracy -- Does electoral democracy induce the control of incumbents? -- Conclusions. Demands for choice : the competition between left and right : Introduction -- The causes of ideological shifts -- The political consequences of ideological changes -- Conclusions. Demands for equality : Introduction -- THe social democratic conception of equality -- The evolution of equality in social democratic policies -- Social democracy and income distribution in hard times -- The political consequences of redistribution -- Conclusions. Conclusion: democracy and the European Union : Summary -- European integration and democracy: representation, choice, and redistribution. Annex: political parties -- Bibliography -- Index of names -- Subject index.