Our discussion has focused so far on FDI in the manufacturing and service sectors of the economy. Now we turn our attention to the CIS financial sector. In this chapter, 1 we review the scope and limits of potential financial integration and proposed initiatives. Financial markets became the focus post-Soviet countries’ ambitions in the late 2000s: Russia and Kazakhstan almost simultaneously launched international financial projects (though these differed somewhat in scope and in the tools they employed). Kazakhstan’s project, a Regional Financial Centre in Almaty, failed to survive the crisis of 2007–09. Although a similar project to create an International Financial Centre in Moscow remains high on the agenda, its feasibility and scope have been questioned.