Acknowledgements x Part I Diverse economies 1 (42) 1 Introduction 3 (19) An economy of diverse appropriative practices 5 (7) Historical context and political strategy 12 (5) Towards a new political economy 17 (5) 2 Diverse economies 22 (21) Introduction 22 (1) The discourse of the market economy 23 (4) What is `the economy'? 27 (5) The reality of the diverse economy 32 (4) Real Utopias 36 (4) Conclusion 40 (3) Part II Political economies 43 (72) 3 Beyond Marxist political economy 45 (26) Introduction 45 (1) Political economy as critique 46 (7) Modes of production 53 (8) The labour theory of value 61 (8) Conclusion 69 (2) 4 Mainstream economics and its rivals 71 (25) Introduction 71 (1) Mainstream economics: the neoclassical core 72 (6) Beyond neoclassical economics 78 (6) Mauss's anthropology of the gift 84 (4) Economic sociology 88 (5) Conclusion 93 (3) 5 Complexes of appropriative practices 96 (19) Introduction 96 (1) Practices: the unit of economic form 97 (4) Appropriative practices 101 (5) Complexes of appropriative practices 106 (8) Conclusion 114 (1) Part III Digital economies 115 (118) 6 Digital monopoly capitalism: Apple 117 (27) Introduction 117 (1) Innovation and entrepreneurship 118 (5) Preferential attachment 123 (6) Constructing monopoly using intellectual property rights 129 (5) Constructing monopoly using technology 134 (3) Exploiting workers and suppliers, and avoiding taxes 137 (5) Conclusion 142 (2) 7 Co-operative peer production: Wikipedia 144 (27) Introduction 144 (2) Encyclopaedic knowledge as a digital gift 146 (2) Wikipedia vs. Encyclopaedia Britannica 148 (4) Funding the gift model 152 (2) Why do people edit Wikipedia? 154 (5) Regulating quality: norms 159 (3) Regulating quality using technology 162 (2) Governance, legitimacy and participation 164 (4) Conclusion 168 (3) 8 Does Google give gifts? 171 (21) Introduction 171 (1) Web search and advertising 172 (3) Gift capitalism? 175 (6) Resistance and attachment 181 (4) Personalisation, privacy and power 185 (4) Conclusion 189 (3) 9 User content capitalism 192 (24) Introduction 192 (1) Neither commodities nor wage labour 193 (6) Securing attachment from contributing users 199 (3) UGC businesses and conventional capitalism 202 (4) The troublesome concept of presumption 206 (4) Are amateur content contributors exploited? 210 (4) Conclusion 214 (2) 10 Conclusion 216 (17) Introduction 216 (1) How to theorise the economy 217 (5) Embrace diversity 217 (1) Define the economy by provisioning 218 (1) Appropriative practices 219 (2) A moral political economy 221 (1) A scientific political economy 222 (1) The diverse digital economy 222 (6) The digital gift economy 223 (2) The digital commodity economy 225 (1) The hybrid digital economy 226 (1) Interacting economic forms 227 (1) How to change the economy 228 (5) A role for capitalism 229 (1) A role for the gift economy 230 (1) Towards an open future 231 (2) Bibliography 233 (19) Index 252