List of tables vii Acknowledgments viii Notes on sources x 1 Economic and political reform 1 (19) Policy cycles and political alignment 4 (3) Economic reform 7 (6) Political reform 13 (6) The argument of the book 19 (1) 2 Post-communist structural reform 20 (17) Communist management legacy 21 (5) Anatomy of structural reform 26 (3) The reform agenda 29 (8) 3 Kazakhstan and globalization 37 (28) Kazakhstan profile 37 (6) Transition of the state in Kazakhstan 43 (9) The politics of export-led development 52 (11) Summary 63 (2) 4 Kyrgyzstan and the reform path 65 (17) Kyrgyzstan profile 65 (4) Transition of the state in Kyrgyzstan 69 (5) Liberal reform, democratization, and decline 74 (6) Summary 80 (2) 5 Civil war and reconstruction in Tajikistan 82 (17) Tajikistan profile 82 (1) Post-conflict reform of the state 83 (9) Regional pluralism and competition 92 (6) Summary 98 (1) 6 Petro-dollars and "Positive Neutrality" in Turkmenistan 99 (18) Turkmenistan profile 99 (5) The state as monopoly: the monopoly as state 104 (6) Mirage of reform 110 (5) Summary 115 (2) 7 Economic self-reliance and the "Uzbek Path" 117 (24) Uzbekistan profile 117 (2) The "Uzbek Path" 119 (8) The politics of economic self-reliance 127 (12) Summary 139 (2) 8 Political reform and structural stability 141 (9) The influence of markets on politics 141 (3) The influence of politics on markets 144 (2) Lessons of reform 146 (4) Notes 150 (9) Bibliography 159 (12) Index 171