List of Figures, Tables and Boxes viii Acknowledgements ix 1 Culture, Politics and Equality: The Challenge for Social Democracy 1 (35) 1.1 What we are trying to do in this book 1 (4) 1.2 Cultural policy as a distinct form of public policy 5 (7) 1.3 Politics, power and democracy 12 (3) 1.4 Social democratic politics and the British Labour Party 15 (3) 1.5 Social democratic cultural policy 18 (5) 1.6 New Labour and the `Third Way': Economics, equality and governance 23 (5) 1.7 Assessments of New Labour, culture and the arts 28 (3) 1.8 Outline of the book and research questions 31 (5) 2 New Labour, Culture and Creativity 36 (34) 2.1 New Labour's cultural policies introduced: Blair's retrospect 36 (8) 2.2 Cultural policy: The key policy groups and their interests 44 (5) 2.3 New Labour's cultural policies: Formation, early character and the creative industries concept 49 (3) 2.4 Intellectual roots of New Labour's cultural policies 52 (3) 2.5 Creativity 55 (3) 2.6 New Labour's early days: Creative industries mapping and not much else? 58 (7) 2.7 Four aims: Access, excellence, education and creative industries 65 (1) 2.8 Early criticisms, a surge in funding, and strings attached 66 (4) 3 The Arts: Access, Excellence and Instrumentalism 70 (32) 3.1 A golden age for the arts? 70 (1) 3.2 Funding and the lottery 71 (4) 3.3 Flagship projects and other initiatives 75 (6) 3.4 Sponsorship and philanthropy 81 (4) 3.5 An access success? Free admission to museums and galleries 85 (5) 3.6 Targets, audit and the New Public Management 90 (3) 3.7 The arts backlash, cultural value and the `instrumentalism' debate 93 (4) 3.8 The return to excellence 97 (3) 3.9 Assessing New Labour's arts policies 100 (2) 4 What Was Creative Industries Policy? Film, Copyright and the Shift to Creative Economy 102 (21) 4.1 Creative industries: More than a policy vacuum? 102 (2) 4.2 New Labour's film policy 104 (4) 4.3 `Creative economy' and `Creative Britain' (revisited) 108 (5) 4.4 Copyright policy and debates 113 (10) 5 Cultural Policy and the Regions 123 (20) 5.1 A case of policy attachment 123 (1) 5.2 Two contexts: Regional arts and cultural industries regeneration 124 (2) 5.3 New Labour's Third Way regionalism: The Regional Development Agencies take up the creative industries idea 126 (2) 5.4 The regions and creative industries: Early autonomy and achievements 128 (3) 5.5 The limitations of clustering 131 (2) 5.6 Other problems in New Labour's regional creative industries policy 133 (5) 5.7 The arts and regeneration in the regions 138 (2) 5.8 New Labour's regional cultural policies assessed 140 (3) 6 Policy Innovation: Nesta and Creative Partnerships 143 (19) 6.1 `Projects for change' 143 (2) 6.2 Nesta as talent agency 145 (6) 6.3 Creative Partnerships 151 (6) 6.4 Surviving beyond New Labour 157 (5) 7 Heritage 162 (22) 7.1 Heritage in the UK 162 (2) 7.2 New Labour's modernisation of heritage? 164 (7) 7.3 Social inclusion and the widening of audiences 171 (3) 7.4 Government funding and support for the heritage sector 174 (6) 7.5 Assessing heritage under New Labour 180 (4) 8 How Did New Labour Do on Arts and Culture? And What Happened Next? 184 (18) 8.1 The balance sheet 184 (7) 8.2 The Coalition, cuts and creative economy 191 (8) 8.3 Final words: Cultural policy and social justice 199 (3) Appendix: People Interviewed for the Project 202 (6) References 208 (21) Index 229