Preface and Acknowledgements 5 -Contents 7 -The Macedonian Question: The Socio-Economic Reality and Problems -of Its Historiographic Interpretation 11 -Land Tenure Relationships, 1878-1913 13 -Urban Development in Macedonia under the Ottomans 26 -The Razlovech Uprising of 1876 35 -Tradition and Rural Change in Southeastern Europe During Ottoman Rule 45 -Agriculture and Settlement at the Time of the Ottoman Conquest 49 -The Classical Ottoman Land Regime 54 -Rural Change During the Seventeenth Century 63 -Export-Oriented Agriculture and the Ottoman Landholding 74 -Category Çiftlik 74 -Conclusion 89 -The Macedonians in the Ottoman Empire, 1878-1912 93 -Introduction 93 -General Conditions 94 -Social and Economic Conditions 94 -Political System 99 -The Millet System 100 -The Secular Concept of Ottomanism 100 -The Influence of the Great Powers 101 -Macedonia and the Neighbouring Nation-States 102 -The Young Turk Opposition 103 -The National Movement and its Activists 104 -History of the National Movement 104 -The Church Question in Macedonia 104 -Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 105 -The Ilinden Uprising of 1903 107 -The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 109 -The Balkan Wars of 1912-3 and the Partition of Macedonia 110 - Formation of the National Elite 111 -Organisational Structure, Channels of Communication and the National Elite 115 -The Ottoman Government and the National Elite 119 -State of Research 121 -The National Question and the Development of Socialism: -The Case of Ottoman Macedonia 125 - Social and Economic Conditions in Ottoman Macedonia 126 -The Emergence of the Macedonian Question 131 -Socialists and the Macedonian Liberation Movement 133 -The Attempted Uprising of 1895 and the Socialists 135 - Socialist Polemic about Participation in the Macedonian Movement136 -The Macedonian Socialist Group 138 -Anarchists in the Macedonian Revolutionary Movement Socialists and the Ilinden Uprising 140 - Federalism, Socialism and the IMRO 141 -The Young Turk Revolution and the Socialists 144 -The Young Turk Programme of 1908 150 -The Strike Movement of 1908 and the CUP 153 -Conclusion 157 -The Ottoman Peasantries, c. 1360 - c. 1860 159 -Agriculture and Settlement in the Late Medieval Period 164 Peasantries in an Expanding Empire: The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 171 -Status and Taxation 171 -Settlement, Agriculture, Population 185 -Tax-Farmers, Brigands and Sharecroppers: Rural Life in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 195 -From Sipahi to Tax-Farmer 195 -Çiftliks and Commercial Agriculture 202 -Forms of Peasant Protest 209 -Peasants and Petitioners 209 -Haiduks and Klephts 210 -Peasantries and Agriculture at the End of the Ottoman Ancien Régime: First Half of the Nineteenth Century 216 -The Socio-political Environment of Balkan Nationalism: the Case of Ottoman Macedonia, 1856-1912 221 -Historiographical Traditions 222 -The Orthodox Church and Ottoman Legitimacy 222 -The Cultural Isolation of Balkan Christians from Europe 224 -The Paradigm of Ottoman Decline 228 -Nationalist Challenge and Ottoman Response 230 -The Ottoman State and the European State System 232 -The Uprisings in Serbia and Greece 232 Ottomanism as State Nationalism 233 -The Ottoman Constitution of 1876 233 -Ottoman Macedonia and the Macedonian Question 239 -Social and Economic Conditions 239 -The Emergence of the Macedonian Question 242 -Attitudes and Possible Solutions 244 The Bulgarian Cause 244 -The Regime of Abdulhamid II 245 - The Young Turks and the IMRO 247 -Concluding Remarks 247 -Balkan Historiography Related to the Ottoman Empire since 1945 255 -The Formation of a ‘Muslim' Nation in Bosnia-Hercegovina: -A Historiographic Discussion 275 -Introduction: Bosnian Muslims and South Slav nationalism 275 -Bosnia under Ottoman rule: history-writing and nation-formation 293 -Bosniaks – why did they embrace Islam? 295 - Questions of ethnic origin – Muslim Slavs or 'Turks'? 301 -Conclusion: historiography and national politics 314 -Bibliography 319 -Index 389