Part I : Classical political economy, 1600-1870. Introduction : from mercantilism to Marx -- Seventeenth century pioneers. Thomas Mun, 1571-1641 : from bullion to foreign trade -- Dudley North, 1641-91 and John Locke, 1632-1704 : early critical reactions to mercantilism -- Sir William Petty, 1623-87 : division of labour and surplus -- Development in French economics. Pierre le Pesant Sieur de Boisguilbert, 1646-1714 : France at the turn of the century -- Richard Cantillon, 1697-1734 : the entrepreneur in agriculture and trade -- Towards a mature classical political economy. François Quesnay, 1694-1774 : reproduction and capital -- David Hume, 1711-76 and the Scottish enlightenment -- Ferdinando Galiani, 1728-87 and Sir James Steuart, 1713-80 : real value and corn trade -- Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, 1727-81 : investments and returns -- The first full systems of classical political economy. Adam Smith, 1723-90 : national wealth and the productivity of labour -- Jean-Baptiste Say, 1767-1832 and Jean-Charles Simonde de Sismondi, 1779-1842 : value, revenues and crises -- The 'golden age' of classical political economy. Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834 : population and effectual demand -- David Ricardo, 1772-1823 : the rate of profit -- Torrens, senior and the aftermath of Ricardo -- Karl Marx, 1818-83 : the critique of political economy -- Part II : Modern developments, 1870-1960. Introduction : the coming of marginalism and macro-economics -- The first generation. John Stuart Mill, 1806-73 : a figure of transition -- William Stanley Jevons, 1835-82 : utilitarianism and economics -- Carl Menger, 1840-19321 : the importance of marginal utility and the economics of scarcity -- Léon Walras, 1834-1910 : the notion of general equilibrium -- Alfred Marshall, 1842-1924 : partial equilibrium and useful economics -- The development of marginalist economics : distribution and capital theory. J.B. Clark and P.H. Wicksteed : the development of marginal productivity theory -- Von Wieser and Böhm-Bawerk : Austrian versions of capital and distribution theory -- Pioneers of macro-economics. Knut Wicksell, 1851-1926 : interest and prices -- Irving Fisher, 1867-1947 : appreciation and interest -- Joseph Alois Schumpeter, 1883-1950 : economic development -- Further developments in micro-economics. Pigou, Clapham and Sraffa : wealth, welfare and cost controversies -- Joan Robinson, 1903-83 and Edward Chamberlain, 1899-1967 : theory of the firm -- Vilfred Pareto, 1848-1923 and Lionel Robbins, 1898-1984 : critique and decline of utility theory -- The foundations of modern macro-economics. John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946 : a new general theory of employment, interest and money -- Michal Kalecki, 1898-1970 : a new macro-economics -- R.F. Harrod, 1900-78 and E.D. Domar (1914-99) : cycles and growth -- Milton Friedman (1912-2006) : monetarism and its critics.