Chapter 1 RISING ECONOMIC POWERS AND U.S. TRADE POLICY∗ -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- KEY OBSERVATIONS -- The Rising Economic Powers -- U.S. Trade Interests and the REPs-- U.S. Trade Policy Response -- WHO ARE THE RISING ECONOMIC POWERS? -- Defining Characteristics -- Reform Challenges -- China-- India-- Brazil -- Mexico -- Turkey -- Russia -- Indonesia -- U.S. TRADE INTERESTS AND THE REPS -- REP Markets and U.S. Prosperity -- REP Trade Barriers -- Tariffs -- Services Barriers -- Government Procurement Intellectual Property ProtectionForeign Investment Restrictions -- State-Owned or State-Controlled Enterprises (SOEs) -- Export Restrictions on Raw Materials-- REP Interventionist Practices -- REPs as "Responsible Stakeholders" -- China's Key Role -- U.S. TRADE POLICY RESPONSE -- Trade Policy Goals and the REPs -- Trade Negotiating Initiatives -- Multilateral Negotiations -- Plurilateral Agreements-- Strengthening the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding -- Bilateral and Regional FTA Negotiations and Other Bilateral Initiatives -- U.S. Unilateral Initiatives to Encourage REP Reforms -- Congressional Role APPENDIX A. PREVIOUS EFFORTS AT IDENTIFYING A GROUP OF RISING DEVELOPING COUNTRIESAPPENDIX B. METHODOLOGY FOR ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS -- APPENDIX C. ALTERNATIVE REP GROUPINGS -- Long-shot or Turnaround Economies -- Emerging markets -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 BOOSTING U.S. EXPORTS: SELECTED ISSUES FOR CONGRESS∗ -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- U.S. EXPORT TRENDS -- Overall U.S. Trade Trends -- U.S. Export Activity Compared to Major Foreign Exporters-- Trade Data Limitations -- FEDERAL EXPORT PROMOTION ACTIVITIES AND THE NEI -- SELECTED ISSUES IN FEDERAL EXPORT PROMOTION Debate about Export Promotion Activities, Goals, and Priorities Defining Export Promotion Activities-- Determining the Goals of Export Promotion -- Prioritizing the Goals of Export Promotion -- Economic Arguments for and against Export Promotion -- Effectiveness of Export Promotion Activities -- Reorganization of Federal Agencies Involved in Export Promotion -- CONGRESSIONAL ACTIVITY ON EXPORT PROMOTION-- APPENDIX. THEORETICAL DISCUSSION OF THE ECONOMICS OF EXPORT PROMOTION-- Imperfect Information -- Spillovers and Industrial Policy -- Imperfect Competition and Strategic Trade Policy A Critique of Export Promotion Policies and Programs End Notes -- Chapter 3 TRADE PROMOTION AUTHORITY (TPA) AND THE ROLE OF CONGRESS IN TRADE POLICY∗ -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- A BRIEF HISTORY OF TPA -- The U.S. Constitution and Foreign Trade -- The Evolution of the Congressional-Executive Partnership -- Creation of "Fast Track Trade Negotiating Authority" -- Subsequent Renewals of Trade Agreements Authority -- The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 -- The Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 -- Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (OTCA) -- A Hiatus