Transportation Costs, Trade, and Global Value Chains -- An Economic History of Trade and Trade Costs with Emphasis on Transportation Costs -- Transport Costs and International Trade -- Global Value Chains -- Conclusion -- Trade and Transportation Costs in the Ricardian Model -- Global Value Chain Analysis -- Transport Sectors in Turkey -- An Overview of Turkish Transport Sectors -- Inter-Industry Linkages -- Firms in Transport Sectors -- State of Competition: Evidence of Mark-Ups -- Conclusion -- The Regulatory Framework in Road Freight Transportation -- Road freight Transportation Services -- Bilateral and Multilateral Road Freight Transport Agreements -- European Union Rules and Regulations -- The Regulatory Framework in the Turkish Road Transportation Sector -- Conclusion -- The Regulatory Framework in Rail Transport Services -- Railway Services -- International Rules and Regulations -- Rules and Regulations in the European Union -- The Regulatory Framework in the Turkish Rail Transportation Sector -- Conclusion -- The Regulatory Framework in Maritime Transportation -- Maritime Freight Transportation Services -- International Rules and Regulations -- European Union Rules and Regulations -- Turkish Maritime Rules and Regulations -- Conclusion -- The Regulatory Framework in Air Transportation -- Air Transport Services -- International Rules and Regulations -- Rules and Regulations in the European Union -- The Regulation of Air Transport Services in Turkey -- Conclusion -- Liberalizing Transport Sectors and the Effects of Infrastructure Development: The Turkish Case -- Opening up the Transport Sectors -- Trade Restrictiveness in Transportation Sectors -- Quantification of Policy Restrictiveness in Turkish Transport Sectors -- The Economic Impact of Liberalizing Transport Services -- The Economic Impact of Transport Sector Infrastructure Development -- Conclusion