List of Contributors ; Table of Cases ; Table of Materials ; 1. Economic Sanctions and International Law: An Introduction ; 2. Sanctions and Fundamental Rights of States: The Case of EU Sanctions Against Iran and Syria ; I. Introduction ; II. The Essence of the Fundamental Rights Doctrine ; III. The Scope of the UN and EU Sanctions against Iran and Syria ; IV. The Interaction between Sanctions, their Authority and the Fundamental Rights of States ; V. Legal Basis of EU Sanctions and Collective Security Frameworks ; VI. Conclusion. 3. Unilateral European Sanctions as Countermeasures: The Case of the EU Measures Against Iran I. Introduction ; II. The Legal Nature of the EU Measures ; III. EU Sanctions and the Legal Regime of Countermeasures ; IV. Conclusion ; 4. State Reactions to Illegal Sanctions ; I. Introduction ; II. On Various 'Sanctions' ; III. Reactions to Illegal Unilateral Sanctions ; IV. Reactions to Illegal Collective Sanctions ; V. Conclusion ; 5. Targeted Sanctions and Human Rights ; I. Introduction ; II. The Development of Targeted Sanctions ; III. Targeted Sanctions Today. IV. Targeted Sanctions and Substantive Human Rights V. Targeted Sanctions and Procedural Human Rights ; VI. Conclusion ; 6. UN Smart Sanctions and the UN Declaration on the Rule of Law ; I. Introduction ; II. The Rule of Law within the United Nations ; III. UN Smart Sanctions and the Rule of Law ; IV. Conclusion ; 7. United Nations Targeted Sanctions, Human Rights and the Office of the Ombudsperson ; I. Introduction ; II. Targeted Sanctions against the Taliban and Al-Qaida ; III. The Effect of 9/11 on Targeted Sanctions ; IV. Criticism of the United Nations Asset Freezing Regime. V. The Kadi I Case VI. The Evolution of the Office of the Ombudsperson ; VII. The Office of the Ombudsperson ; VIII. The Kadi II Case ; IX. The Office of the Ombudsperson post Kadi II ; X. Conclusion ; XI. Postscript ; 8. Sanctions Cases in the European Courts ; I. Introduction ; II. Setting the Scene: from PMOI to Kadi I ; III. The Application of Kadi Standards to Bilateral Sanctions Regimes and other Post-Kadi Developments ; IV. Open Questions and Remaining Challenges ; V. Conclusions ; 9. United States Sanctions: Delisting Applications, Judicial Review and Secret Evidence. I. Introduction II. OFAC Sanctions-a Model of Economic Warfare ; III. Challenging a US Sanctions Listing ; IV. Some Concluding Remarks about the US OFAC regime and Challenges to Listing Decisions ; 10. Sanctions and Commercial Law ; I. Introduction ; II. History and Background ; III. The Modern Legal Framework ; IV. Sanctions, Contracts and Commercial Relations ; V. Conclusion ; Index.