Contents Chapter 1 ç; ~~:~_7 Introduction to the light metal packaging manufacturing industry 1 Describes the range of lighı: metal packaging, its markets, competitors and special performance properties. Includes a brief overview of how the industry itself is organised and its major suppliers and customers, by type. 1.1 Range of light metal packaging products 1.2 Markets for light metal packaging 1 .3 Competitive materials and proclucts 1.4 The special properties of metal Ior packaging 1.5 Organisation of the light metal packaging industry 1 13 4 5 Chapter 2 Types of metal containers, markets served and package/service performance requirements 7 Describes the main types of metal containers in common use together with the market sectors served by each of the can/closure formats. Specilic performance requirements are given for each sector; these are in ıerms of technical performance of the package and the service required Irorn ıhe package supplier (and its material suppliers). 2.1 Types of metal containers and closures in common use 7 2.2 Market sectors served 8 2.3 Perforrnance requirements common to ali metal packages 14 2.4 Additional perlormance requirements Ior containers and closures with special duties 19 2.5 Service required by the can-maker and the upstream material suppliers 23 Chapter 3 Light metal package development and how it is driven 25 Describes the different ways in which the product development process is driven arıd what effects both large and small companies may have on this. It also reviews the roles that fillers, retailers, consumer organisations, materials suppliers and research organisations have in this process, 3.1 How metal packaging development is driven 25 3.2 In0uence of company size on metal packaging development 28 3.3 Role of retailers and consumer organisations in metal packaging development 29 3.4 Role of research organisations in metal packaging development 30 3.5 Role of materials and machinery suppliers in metal packaging development 30 3.6 The development of metal packaging - some importanı lessons based on practical experiences 31 Chapter 4 Materials of construction 33 Describes the relevant properties of steel (tin plate and tin-free steel) and aluminium used Ior making rigid and semi-rigid containers, referring to the specifıc metal manufacturing and tinishing processes only when necessary. 4.1 Steel for packaging 4.2 Aluminium Ior packaging 33 39 t. ıv Metal Pac!uıgirıg - an iniroducıiosı Chapter 5 Manufacturing I - food, beer and beverage, and aerosol containers 42 Describes how metal food, beer and beverage, and aerosol packages are consıructed to give the rcquired pcrforrnarıce and provides an overview of ıhe principal manufacturing processes. 5.1 Coil cutting into sheets 42 5.2 Three-piece containers (body forming) 43 5.3 Two-piece containers (body forming) 47 5.4 Body fınishing processes Ior two- and three-piece containers (excluding protecting and decorating) 58 5.5 Construction and perlorrnance of cans for specific end markets 65 Chapter 6 Manufacturing il - GL containers and lids 70 Describes how metal general line packages, including lids, are constructed to give the required performance and provides an overview of the principal nıanufacturing processes. 6. 1 Perforrnance GL containers 6.2 Non-performance GL containers 70 76 Chapter 7 Manufacturing 111 - ends and closures 82 Describes how metal can erıds and closures are constructed to give the required performance and provicles an overview of ıhe principal manufacturing processes. 7. l Ends fitted to metal containers 7.2 Closures for fıtting to glass/plastic cont:ainers for high-duty applicatiorıs 82 91 Chapter 8 Metal protecting and decorating 99 Describes why coating and printing are necessary for metal packaging and what methods are used for ıhe application and curing of boıh coatings and inks. 8.1 'I he need for internal and exterrıal coatings on metal 99 8.2 Coatirıg material types in common use 104 8.3 Printing on metal 1 08 8.4 Flat sheet coating and printing, applicatiorı and curing systems 11 O 8.5 Cylindrical can coating and printing, application and curing systems 1 19 8.6 Coil coatirıg, laminating, printing and application of extrusion coatings 123 8. 7 Elecıro-coating 1 26 8.8 Post-manufacture decoration 127 Chapter 9 Packing, storage and transport offinished packages 129 Describcs how fınished metal packaging is collated and packed (palletised), and discusses issues relatirıg to product traceability, warehousing and transport to ıhe customer. 9.1 Pallets and palletisation methods 129 9.2 Packing in boxes, baskets or bulk plastic containers 132 9.3 Paper wrapping systems 133 9.4 Bar-coding and traceability systems I 34 9.5 Warehousing and surface transport 134 Conıenıs ----------- • G n u ~: v_ Chapter 1 O Quality Assurance methods Describes the tests carried out both on- and olf-lin t