Table of Contents Acknowledgments xi About the Editors and Contributors xiii Abbreviations xv Overview 1 Focusing on Jobs for Development 1 Analytical Framework 4 South Asia's Potential to Expand Apparel Exports 5 How Higher Exports Would Affect SAR's Labor Market 8 South Asia's Potential to Create Jobs 9 Thoughts on a New Strategic Approach 11 Bibliography 14 ch. 1 Setting the Stage 17 South Asia's Jobs Challenge 17 Transformational Jobs in Apparel 19 Opportunities in the Global Apparel Market 22 Analytical Framework 27 Our Roadmap 30 Notes 33 Bibliography 33 pt. 1 What Is South Asia's Apparel Export Potential? 37 ch. 2 Benchmarking South Asia in the Global Apparel Industry 39 A Vital Industry for South Asia 39 Introduction to Benchmarking 41 Ranking Performance Based on Exports 42 Drivers of Export Performance: Products and End Markets 44 Key Factors for Global Buyers 50 Better, but Still Lagging behind Competitors 57 Annex 2A Data Description 60 Annex 2B Characteristics of Apparel Industries in the SAR and SEAB Countries 63 Annex 2C World Bank Global Buyer Survey 65 Notes 70 Bibliography 71 ch. 3 South Asia's Potential Share of China's Apparel Trade 77 An Intense Competition 77 A Snapshot of U.S. and EU Imports 79 Model and Estimation Approach 84 Reaping the Most from Higher Imports 90 Annex 3A Theoretic Foundation of the Estimation Approach 90 Annex 3B Alternative Estimation Approaches 92 Notes 97 Bibliography 97 pt. 2 How Will Increased Apparel Production Affect Jobs? 99 ch. 4 Market Responses to Higher Apparel and Textile Exports 101 Why Focus on Garments and Women? 101 South Asia's Textile and Apparel Labor Market 103 Labor Demand Analysis 111 Labor Supply Analysis 117 Matching More Jobs with Workers 123 Annex 4A Data Description 123 Annex 4B Firm Distribution, Male/Female, and Permanent/Temporary Employment Ratios by Industry and Size 125 Annex 4C Labor Demand Model and Empirical Estimation Strategy 126 Annex 4D Labor Supply Model 127 Annex 4E Log Labor Demand Regressions Estimations for Male versus Female Workers with Foreign and Domestic Output, Bangladesh 128 Annex 4F Log Labor Demand Regressions Estimations for Permanent versus Temporary Workers, by Country 129 Annex 4G Log Wage Regressions Estimations by Country 130 Annex 4H Probit Model Estimation of Female Labor Force Participation, Marginal Effects 133 Notes 137 Bibliography 138 pt. 3 What Role Can Policy Play in Increasing Apparel Exports and Jobs? 141 ch. 5 Policies to Foster Apparel Exports and Jobs 143 How Policies Fit In 143 Predicting Job Effects in South Asia 145 How Policies and Processes Interact in Apparel 147 Key Policies Relevant to South Asia's Apparel Industry 150 Annex 5A Examples of Key Policies and Stakeholders in South Asia 168 Notes 171 Bibliography 171 Appendix South Asian Country Fact Sheets 179