Machine generated contents note: The Characteristics of Project Finance -- Introduction -- Raising Finance for Large Projects -- Using Project Finance to Raise Capital -- Risk Analysis and Risk Mitigation -- Project Economics, Capital Structure and Debt Capacity -- The Project Finance Process -- Project Finance Structures and Techniques -- Introduction -- Project Finance Structures -- Project Finance Tools and Techniques -- Security Structures, Sponsor Support and Other Features -- Sources of Finance and the Global Project Finance Markets -- Introduction -- Sources of Equity -- Sources of Project Finance Debt -- The Global Project Finance Market -- Commercial Banks and Syndicated Lending -- Introduction -- The Role of Commercial Banks in Project Finance -- Term Loans and Related Financing -- Syndicated Lending -- Loans Market Practice -- Fundamentals of the Petroleum Industry -- Introduction -- The Business of Petroleum -- The Industry Value Chain -- Industry Structure, Markets and Economics -- Upstream Oil and Gas -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of Upstream Oil and Gas -- Upstream Project Risks -- Commercial Structures and Upstream Contracts -- Petroleum Refining -- Introduction -- The Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining -- Refinery Project Risks -- Commercial Structure and Contracts -- Pipelines, Storage and Other Infrastructure -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of Pipelines and Storage -- Pipelines, Storage and Infrastructure Risks -- Commercial Structures and Contracts -- Oil and Gas Infrastructure Tariffs and Economics -- Petroleum Shipping and the Offshore Industry -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of the Shipping and Offshore Industries -- Shipping and Offshore Risks -- Commercial Structures and Contracts -- Shipping and Offshore Economics and Finance -- Natural Gas and LNG -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of the Industry -- 'Natural Gas Chain' -- Risks in the Natural Gas Industry -- Commercial Structures and Contracts -- The Petrochemicals Industry -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of the Petrochemicals Industry -- Risks in the Petrochemicals Industry -- Commercial Structures and Contracts -- Project Development in the Petroleum Industry -- Introduction -- Oil and Gas Project Development -- The Project Development Process -- Contractors and Contract Terms -- Economics of Project Development -- Political and Environmental Risks, Tax and Insurance -- Introduction -- Political and Country Risks -- Environmental Risks -- Taxation and the Petroleum Industry -- Insurance -- Unforeseen Events and Force Majeure -- The Role of Project Finance in the Petroleum Industry -- Introduction -- Investment Requirements of the Petroleum Industry -- Conventional Sources of Funding -- The Role of Project Finance -- Hybrid Finance Structures for the Petroleum Industry -- Risk Analysis and Bankability for Oil and Gas Projects -- Introduction -- Lender Analysis of Oil and Gas Project Risks -- Sponsor Risks in Oil and Gas Project Finance -- Lender Approach to Project Risks -- Risk Mitigation Techniques and Structures -- Project Economics and Cashflow Forecasting -- Introduction -- The Role of Cashflow Forecasting and Modelling -- Building the Project Forecasts -- Debt Routines and Model Outputs -- Debt Optimisation and the Base Case -- Sensitivity Analysis and Debt Break-Even -- Finance Structures and Terms -- Introduction -- Overview of Financial Structuring -- Capital Structure and the Composition of Debt -- Funding, Repayment and Maturity of Debt -- Cost of Funds -- Lender Controls -- Sponsor Support and Other Forms of Credit Enhancement -- Security -- Finance Structures for Upstream, Midstream and Downstream Projects -- Introduction -- Upstream Project Finance Structures -- Midstream Project Finance Structures -- Downstream Project Finance Structures -- Risk Management and Derivative Contracts -- Oil and Gas Project Finance Documentation -- Introduction -- Documenting the Project Finance Transaction -- Lender Commitments and Term Sheets -- Principal Terms of the Finance Documents -- Project Finance Documentation Processes -- Concluding Remarks.