Foreword--CHAPTER ONE--COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE / BUSINESS LAW... I. INTRODUCTION TO TURKISH COMMERCIAL LAW--A. Concept of Commerce--B. Unique Character of Commercial Law--C. Classification of Commercial Law--D. Relationship between Commercial Law and Economic Law--E. Globalisation of Commercial Law--F. History of Commercial Law--G. Structure of the Turkish Code of Commerce--H. Commercial Law Systems--1. Subjective System--2. Objective System--3. Modern System--4. Turkish Code of Commerce’s Unique Character--II. COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE--A. Conceptual Elements of Commercial Enterprise--B. Asset Elements of Commercial Enterprise--C. Structural Elements of Commercial Enterprise--1. Centre--2. Branch--a. d Elements of Branch--b. Consequences Connected to Being a Branch--D. Transfer of Commercial Enterprise--1. Essentials of Transfer of Commercial Enterprise--2. Scope of the Commercial Enterprise Transfer--3. Legal Consequences of the Commercial Enterprise Transfer--III. COMMERCIAL AFFAIR--A. Conceptual Elements of Commercial Affairs-- Particular Legal Consequences of Having the Nature of Commercial Affair--1. Presumption of Joint Liability--2. Presumption of Joint Surety / Bail--3. Different Provisions Related to Interest in Commercial Affairs--IV. COMMERCIAL PROVISIONS / TERMS--V. COMMERCIAL JURISDICTION--A. Commercial Cases / Lawsuits--1. Absolute Commercial Cases--2. Commercial Cases Arising from Remittance Agreement, Retention Agreement and the Copyright--3. Relative Commercial Cases--B. Competent Courts in Commercial Litigation--C. Special Procedural Rules to be Applied in Commercial Cases / Lawsuits--VI. MERCHANT (TRADER)--A. Real Person Merchant --B. Legal Person (Entity) Merchants--1. Commercial / Trading Companies--2. Associations--3. Foundations--4. Public Economic Enterprises--C. Consequences Linked to Being Merchant --1. Being Subject to Bankruptcy--2. Keeping Commercial Books--3. Being Subject to Commercial Customs--4. Obligation to Behave like a Prudent Businessman--5. Using a Trading Name --6. Ability to Charge Fee and Interest--7. Fulfilling the Registration Obligation--8. Benefiting from the Right of Stoppage Easily--D. Exceptional Provisions that can be applied to Artisans --VII. MERCHANT ASSISTANTS--A. Types of Merchant Assistants--1. Commercial Representative --2. Commercial Agent--3. Marketer--4. Broker--5. Agent--6. Arbitrager--7. Freight Forwarder--B. Classifications of Merchant Assistants--1. Dependent merchant assistants – Independent merchant assistants--2. Merchant assistants who have a permanent relationship with the merchant – Merchant assistants who have a temporary relationship with the merchant--3. Merchant assistants regulated in the Turkish Code of Obligations–Merchant assistants regulated in the Turkish Code of Commerce --VIII. TRADE REGISTRY--A. Transactions in the Trade Register --1. Types of Trade Register Transactions --2. Trade Register Procedure--3. Possible Results of the Examine by Trade Registry Office --4. Temporary Registration--5. Effects of Registration--a. Founding–Explanatory Effect of Registration--aa. Founding Effect of Registration--bb. Explanatory Effect of Registration--b. Positive–Negative Effect of Registration--aa. Positive Effect of Registration--bb. Negative Effect of Registration --B. Announcement--IX. COMMERCIAL BOOKS --A. The Scope (Elements) of the Commercial Bookkeeping Obligation--B. Preserving the Commercial Books--C. Legal Consequences as Sanctions of Non–Performance of Commercial Bookkeeping Obligation --D. Evidence Capacity of Commercial Books--X. CURRENT ACCOUNT--A. Current Account Contract--B. The Functioning of Current Account--C. Termination of Current Account --XI. TRADING NAME AND BUSINESS NAME--A. Trading Name--1. Format of Trading Name--a. Core of the Trading Name--b. Appendix of the Trading Name--2. Effect of Trading Name Registration--B. Business Name --XII. UNFAIR COMPETITION--A. Unfair Competition Practices--B. Legal Consequences of Unfair Competition--CHAPTER TWO--COMPANY LAW--I. CONCEPT OF THE COMPANY --A. Definition --B. Elements--1. Personal Element---Asset Element--3. Contract Element--4. Common Purpose Element--5. Active Effort Element--C. Classification of the Companies--1. Companies With Legal Personalities – Companies Without Legal Personalities--2. Companies According to the Laws in which They Are Regulated--3. Companies Subject to Limited Liability – Companies Subject to Unlimited Liability--4. Personal Companies – Capital Companies--II. ORDINARY PARTNERSHIPS--A. Characteristic Features of Ordinary Partnerships --B. General Features of Ordinary Partnerships--C. Establishment of Ordinary Partnerships--D. Functioning of Ordinary Partnerships ...58 1. Management of Ordinary Partnerships--2. Representation of Ordinary Partnerships ...59 3. Property Regime in Ordinary Partnerships ...59 4. Share of Profit and Loss by the Partners--E. Right for Audit and Duty of Loyalty of the Partners--F. Liability Regime in Ordinary Partnerships --G. Termination of Ordinary Partnerships--III. GENERAL PROVISIONS OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES --A. Determination and Classification of Commercial Companies --B. Capacity of the Commercial Companies to Acquire Rights and Undertake Debts--C. Capital Investment Liability for the Partners in Commercial Companies --D. Claims of Personal Creditors of the Partners of the Commercial Companies --E. Structural Changes in Commercial Companies--1. Merger--a. Types of Mergers --b. Preconditions for Merger--c. Stages of Merger--2. Type Change (Conversion) --a. Preconditions for Type Change --b. Stages of Type Change--3. Division--IV. JOINT–STOCK COMPANIES--1. General Assembly--2. Board of Directors --D. Audit in Joint–Stock Companies--E. Capital System in Joint–Stock Companies--F. Capital Shares--G. Termination of the Joint–Stock Companies--1. Reasons for Termination--2. Moment of the Termination--V. LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES --A. General Features of Limited Liability Companies --B. Establishment of the Limited Liability Companies --C. Bodies of the Limited Liability Company--1. General Assembly--2. Directors--D. Capital Shares in Limited Liability Companies--E. Termination of Limited Liability Companies--1. Reasons for Termination--2. Moment of the Termination --CHAPTER THREE--NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS LAW--I. CONCEPT OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS--A. Definition--B. Elements--1. Bill (Deed) --2. Right--3. Close and Strong Relationship Between Bill and Right --C. Characteristic Features of Negotiable Instruments--1. Abstractness--2. Limited Number (Numerus Clausus) Principle--3. Subject to Strict and Aggravated Form Conditions --D. Classification of the Negotiable Instruments--II. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACCORDING TO TRANSFER FORMS --A. Negotiable Instruments Written to the Register (Name)--B. Negotiable Instruments Written to the Order--C. Negotiable Instrument Written to the Bearer--D. Type Change of Negotiable Instruments --E. Cancellation of Negotiable Instruments due to Loss --III. COMMERCIAL BILLS --A. Types of Commercial Bills--B. Characteristic Features of Commercial Bill--C. Relationship Between Commercial Bills and Basic Debt Relationship --D. The Capacity ment for Commercial Bills --IV. FORM ELEMENTS FOR THE VALIDATION OF COMMERCIAL BILLS--A. Bill of Exchange--B. Promissory Note--C. Cheque --V. THE FUNDAMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND CONCEPTS OF COMMERCIAL BILLS --A. Institution of Acceptance in Bill of Exchange--B. Transfer of Commercial Bills--C. Bill Guarantee in Commercial Bills--D. Payment in Commercial Bills--E. Non–Payment of Commercial Bills--F. Application Right--G. Statute of Limitations in Commercial Bills --H. Exceptional Claim Ways in Case of Loss of Right in Commercial Bills --I. Special Regulation of Cheque in Cheque Code Numbered 5941--SAMPLE QUESTIONS--Multiple Choices Questions (Fill in the blanks with the correct choice)--Commercial Law I--Commercial Law II--Commercial Law III--RECOMMENDED RESOURCES--1. Commercial Enterprise / Business Law--2. Company Law--3. Negotiable Instruments Law.