DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND -- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 1 -- Gülçin Yıldırım... 1 -- 1. Definition and Content of Electronic Commerce. 1 -- 2. Development of E-Commerce.. 2 -- 2.1. Electronic Commerce In The World .. 3 -- 2.2. Electronic Commerce In Turkey ..... 4 -- 3. Differences Between e-Commerce and Traditional Commerce....... 5 -- 4. Tools Used in Electronic Commerce...... 6 -- 5. Security in Electronic Commerce .......... 7 -- 6. Payment Methods in Electronic Commerce......... 9 -- 6.1. New Payment Tools Used in Electronic Payments .. 10 -- 7. E-Commerce Models... 11 -- 7.1. Business to Business E-Commerce Model (B2B).... 12 -- 7.2. Business to Consumer E-Commerce Model (B2C).. 13 -- 7.3. Consumer to Consumer E-Commerce Model (C2C)... 13 -- 7.4. Business to Government E-Commerce Model (B2G). 14 -- 8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Commerce. 14 -- 8.1. Advantages of Electronic Commerce.......... 14 -- 8.2. Disadvantages of Electronic Commerce ..... 15 -- References....... 17 -- CHAPTER II. 25 -- LEGAL DIMENSION OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE........... 25 -- Özgür Özkan.. 25 -- 1. Politics and Laws Specified by the Common State in Electronic Commerce in Turkey .... 25 -- 1.1. Related Laws for Electronic Commerce and E-Commerce Legal Infrastructure in Turkey.. 26 -- 1.2. Electronic Commerce Law Relating to Other Law Branches. 28 -- 2. Definition and Importance of Electronic Contract........... 28 -- 2.1. Being a Contract between Non-Readers ..... 29 -- 2.2. Adhesion Contract........... 29 -- 2.3. Distance Contract . 30 -- 2.4. Legal Regulations Regarding E-Contracts.. 31 -- 3. Contractual Relations in Electronic Commerce . 31 -- 3.1. Contract for the sale of physical goods ...... 31 -- 3.2. Contract for the sale of digital products...... 32 -- 3.3. Contract Formation in Service ...... 32 -- 3.4. Contract Formation with Information ......... 32 -- 3.5. Contract Formation between Internet Subjects ........ 32 -- 3.7. Providing Legal Identity for Electronic Records and Documents........ 32 -- 4. Legal Issues Regarding Electronic Commerce .. 34 -- 5. Electronic Commerce Studies in Turkey. 35 -- 5.1. Decisions of the Supreme Council for Science and Technology (STSC)... 35 -- 5.2. Electronic Commerce Coordination Board (ECCB). 37 -- 6. Electronic Commerce Practices in Regional Unions and Electronic Commerce Regulations in the Presence of the European Union.... 40 -- 6.1. Transparency Directive ... 41 -- 6.2. Electronic Signature Directive ...... 41 -- 6.3. Security in Electronic Transactions.. 42 -- 6.4. Directive on the Protection of Consumers in Contracts Made Through Distance Version. 44 -- 6.5. Tax Protection Directive . 45 -- 6.6. Copyright Directive......... 45 -- 6.7. Jurisdiction of Courts - Competent Law ..... 46 -- 6.8. E-Commerce Directive.... 46 -- 6.9. E-Europe ........... 46 -- 7. Requirements to be Provided to the National and International Area.......... 47 -- 7.1. Creating the Current Policy, Norm and Standards on the Global Platform. 47 -- 7.2. Conditions to be provided in the European Union .... 48 -- 7.3. Conditions Required to be Provided in Turkey......... 50 -- 8. Arrangement of Publications on the Internet and Effects of the Law on Combating Crimes Processed through Publications on the Electronic Commercial... 51 -- 8.1. Protection of Personal Data under E-Commerce Law . 52 -- 8.2. Burden of Proof and Records Retention Process ...... 53 -- 8.3. Complaint Completion and Audit ... 54 -- 8.4. Implementation of Criminal Negligence and Administrative Sanction . 55 -- 8.5. E-Commerce Provisions in Electronic Communications Law (ECL).. 56 -- 8.6. Protection of Personal Data in E-Commerce . 57 -- 8.7. Intellectual Property Rights in E-Commerce . 60 -- 8.8. Protecting E-Commerce Programs and Databases in Intellectual Property . 63 -- 8.9. Cases to be the subject of brand in e-commerce and breach of trademark.......... 63 -- 8.10. Patent Rights in E-Commerce ..... 64 -- 8.11.Legal Rules Applicable to Copyright Violations on E-Commerce Sites.... 64 -- 9. Consumer Law Practices in E-Commerce.......... 65 -- 9.1. The Rights of Consumers in the E-Commerce in the case of defective good .. 66 -- 9.2. The Rights of Consumers in the E-Commerce in the case of defective Service . 67 -- 9.3. Commercial Ads and Unfair Business Practices in E-Commerce........ 68 -- 9.4. Code of Laws to be Observed in the Price Label on E-Commerce....... 70 -- 9.5. Scope of Guarantee Liability......... 71 -- References....... 72 -- CHAPTER III... 79 -- TAXATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE .. 79 -- Hacı Muhammet Kekeç . 79 -- 1. Taxation of Electronic Commerce ....... 79 -- 2. International Opinions on the Taxation of Electronic Commerce.. 80 -- 3. Determination of the Incomes of Electronic Commerce.. 81 -- 4. The Determination of the Liability Issues in Electronic Commerce . 83 -- 5. The Problem of Determination the Base of Electronic Commerce Activity....... 84 -- 6. The Problem of Determining the Place Where the Revenue Is Obtained In the Electronic Commerce Activity. 85 -- 7. Tax Types in Electronic Commerce in Turkey .. 86 -- 7.1. Electronic Contract ...... 86 -- 7.2. Income and Corporation Taxes on Electronic Commerce ... 87 -- 7.2.1. Liability Determination and Notebooks ...... 89 -- 7.2.2. Determining the Place of Income .. 90 -- 7.2.3. Income and Basis Determination... 91 -- 7.3. Electronic Commerce on Consumption Tax.......... 92 -- 7.4. Value-Added Tax......... 93 -- 7.5. Customs Duty. 93 -- 7.6. Bank and Insurance Transactions Tax ..... 95 -- 7.7. Stamp Duty .... 96 -- References....... 97 -- CHAPTER IV. 105 -- FINANCING TECHNIQUES AND RISK MANAGEMENT IN ECOMMERCE . 105 -- Serdar Kuzu. 105 -- 1. Introduction . 105 -- 2. E-Commerce and E-Finance ... 106 -- 3. Importance of Finance in E-Commerce ........... 107 -- 4. E-Commerce Financing........ 107 -- 5. Alternative Financing Techniques in E-Commerce ....... 108 -- 5.1.Venture Capital. 109 -- 5.1.1. Sead investment.. 111 -- 5.1.2. Start-up investment........ 112 -- 5.1.3. Early Stage Finance ....... 112 -- 5.1.4. Expensionar ..... 112 -- 5.1.5. Bridge Finance. 113 -- 5.1.6. Purchase Support Financing ........ 113 -- 5.2. Angel Financing ......... 114 -- 5.3. Financing Through Capital Markets....... 116 -- 5.4. Leasing.......... 116 -- 5.5.Factoring........ 117 -- 5.6.Forfaiting ....... 117 -- 6. Risks in E-commerce ........... 117 -- 7. Advantages of Finance in E-commerce. 119 -- 8. Challenges of Finance in Trade.......... 120 -- 9. Managing Financial Risk in E-Commerce ....... 121 -- 10.Incentive Practices in E-Commerce ... 122 -- 11.Conclusion... 122 -- References..... 124 -- vi  Content -- CHAPTER V... 131 -- ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACCOUNTING PRACTICES AND AUDIT.......... 131 -- Tuğçe Uzun Kocamış. 131 -- 1. Introduction . 131 -- 2. The Impact of Electronic Commerce on the Accounting System ... 131 -- 3. Document and Record Regulation in Electronic Commerce ....... 132 -- 3.1. Placing Documents During Online Sales.. 133 -- 3.2. Accounting of Electronic Commerce Activities.. 133 -- 3.2.1. Credit Card Sales........... 134 -- 3.2.2. Sales Via Bank Transfer... 135 -- 3.2.3. Sales with cash payment... 136 -- 3.2.4. Accounting of Marketing Sales and Distribution Expenses.......... 137 -- 3.2.5. Promotional Sales, Sample Products and Accounting........... 138 -- 3.2.6. Accounting for Sales Returns...... 139 -- 3.2.7. Replacement and Recognition of Defective or Unacceptable Products... 139 -- 3.2.8. Accounting of Website Costs ...... 140 -- 3.3. General Accounting Process Examples for Electronic Commerce.. 145 -- 3.4. Accounting of E-Commerce Company Operating in Service Sector148 -- 4. Audit of E-Commerce Activities........ 151 -- 5. Conclusion... 153 -- References..... 155.