republic's formative period. Drawing on a wealth of rare archival material, Turnaoglu presents the first

Republican rule. On the other hand, the rigidity resulting from elitism and intellectualism prevented the

between government and business in Turkey in the post-1980 period. Ayse Bugra and Osman Savaskan argue

Ottoman period. As a result of the secularization efforts in the field of economy in early republican era

IN TURKEY 3 -- 11.1. PRE-REPUBLICAN ERA 3 -- 11.2. PRE-1950 REPUBLICAN ERA 4 -- CHAPTER 3