Preface vii List of Illustrations xv List of Abbreviations xvii Chapter 1 Introduction Conceptualizing the WTO Compatibility of FTAs 1 (10) 1.1 WTO Compatibility, WTO Consistency and WTO Friendliness 1 (5) 1.2 Overarching Research Question of the Study 6 (5) Chapter 2 Analytical Framework for WTO Friendliness of FTAs How to Check If They Are Real "Friends" of WTO? 11 (40) 2.1 Introduction 11 (1) 2.2 First-generation Literature: Open Regionalism 12 (12) 2.3 Second-generation Literature 24 (12) 2.4 Analytical Framework for WTO Friendliness of FTAs 36 (11) 2.5 Summary 47 (4) Chapter 3 Free Trade Agreements in Goods Is Trade Bilateralism in Asia Consistent with WTO Rules and Norms? 51 (62) 3.1 Introduction 51 (2) 3.2 Difference in Multilateral Principles of Regionalism: GATT Article XXIV versus Enabling Clause 53 (14) 3.3 Analytical Framework for Assessing the Openness of Enabling Clause-based FTAs 67 (5) 3.4 Overview of FTAs around the World 72 (10) 3.5 Empirical Study of Enabling Clause-based FTAs in Asia 82 (9) 3.6 Policy Issues of Bilateral Enabling Clause-based FTAs 91 (7) 3.7 Summary 98 (2) Appendix 3.1: GATT Article XXIV 100 (4) Appendix 3.2: Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 104 (5) Appendix 3.3: Differential and More Favorable Treatment Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries 109 (4) Chapter 4 Regional Approaches to Trade Facilitation Are Regional Trade Facilitation Measures Discriminatory against Non-members? 113 (42) 4.1 Introduction 113 (6) 4.2 Difference in Multilateral Principle of Regionalism: Trade Liberalization versus Trade Facilitation 119 (3) 4.3 Analytical Framework for Assessing the Openness of Regional Trade Facilitation 122 (7) 4.4 Overview on Trade Facilitation Measures under FTAs in the World 129 (3) 4.5 Discriminatory and Non-discriminatory Cases of Regional Trade Facilitation 132 (14) 4.6 Policy Suggestions: Minimizing Negative Externality of Regional Trade Facilitation 146 (6) 4.7 Summary 152 (3) Chapter 5 Regional Services Agreements What Is the Value of GATS-plus Regional Services Commitments? 155 (46) 5.1 Introduction 155 (3) 5.2 Differences in Multilateral Principles of Regionalism: Goods versus Services 158 (4) 5.3 Analytical Framework for Assessing the Openness of Regional Services Agreements 162 (10) 5.4 Overview on Regional Services Agreements 172 (4) 5.5 Case Study: Achievements of the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services 176 (12) 5.6 Policy Issues: Regional Services Agreements as a Trigger for Services Reforms 188 (8) 5.7 Summary 196 (2) Appendix 5.1: GATS Article V Economic Integration 198 (3) Chapter 6 Economic Cooperation under FTAs Do FTAs Impose WTO-Plus Technical Assistance Obligations on Members? 201 (48) 6.1 Introduction 201 (2) 6.2 Multilateral Governance on Developmental Issues 203 (1) 6.3 Analytical Framework for WTO-plus Elements of Technical Assistance under FTAs 204 (5) 6.4 Overview on Technical Assistance Provisions under WTO Agreements 209 (11) 6.5 Case Study: Technical Assistance under Japan-ASEAN EPAs 220 (20) 6.6 Policy Implications: The Developmental Perspective of Regionalism Debates 240 (2) 6.7 Summary 242 (2) Appendix 6.1: Technical Assistance Provisions in WTO Agreements 244 (5) Chapter 7 Conclusion Counter-intuitive Policy Implications for WTO-Compatible FTAs 249 (8) 7.1 Summary of Important Empirical Findings 249 (3) 7.2 Counter-intuitive Policy Implications 252 (5) References 257 (16) Index 273