Foreword ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. From Term to Concept: the Entrepreneur and his Economic Function 1 1.1. Etymological and conceptual bases of the entrepreneur 1 1.2. The gradual recognition of the role of entrepreneurship 8 1.3. From a society of salary-earners to one of entrepreneurs? 9 1.4. Current definitions of entrepreneurship, or the institutional recognition of the entrepreneur 17 1.5. The plural entrepreneur 19 Chapter 2. Quantifying Entrepreneurship, Understanding the Entrepreneurial Role 21 2.1. Basic principles: the OECD s model 21 2.2. The main entrepreneurship indicators 24 2.2.1. Eurostat indicators 24 2.2.2. OECD and Eurostat indicators 24 2.2.3. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor indicators 25 2.2.4. World Bank indicators and the business climate 28 2.2.5. The official quantification of business creation in France: the Business Creation Observatory 29 2.3. The European Union s inclusive policy to promote entrepreneurship 30 2.4. Supporting entrepreneurship in developing countries: the ambitions of the United Nations (UN) and the United States 31 Chapter 3. Classical Economics of the Entrepreneur 35 3.1. Richard Cantillon: an economic agent with uncertain income 35 3.2. Anne Robert Jacques Turgot: the progress of the capitalist entrepreneur 36 3.3. Francois Quesnay, the manufacturing and commercial entrepreneur belongs to the sterile class 38 3.4. Pietro Verri and Cesare Beccaria, the inspiration for Jean-Baptiste Say? 38 3.5. Adam Smith: sympathy for initiative, but distrust of project creators 40 3.6. Jean-Baptiste Say: intermediary between scholar and laborer 42 3.7. Karl Marx, entrepreneur or officer of capital 46 3.8. Jean-Gustave Courcelle Seneuil, economistentrepreneur or entrepreneur-economist? 47 3.9. The marginalists faux pas or Leon Walras s ghost entrepreneur 51 3.10. Alfred Marshall, division of industry into entrepreneurial and managerial businesses 56 3.11. Werner Sombart and Max Weber, the entrepreneur or the spirit of capitalism 58 3.12. Joseph A. Schumpeter: the entrepreneur s new combinations of production factors 60 3.13. John Maynard Keynes: the animal spirit of the entrepreneur 65 3.14. From uncertainty to ignorance: Ludwig von Mises, Franck Knight and Friedrich Hayek 67 3.15. Creating or detecting opportunities? 69 Chapter 4. Contemporary Theories of the Entrepreneur 73 4.1. From entrepreneur to industrial economy 73 4.2. Ronald Coase, or the entrepreneur on the frontier of industrial economics 75 4.3. William Baumol, the entrepreneur and the Prince of Denmark 77 4.4. Mark Casson: entrepreneurship an alternative to employment? 79 4.5. Scott Shane or the genetic theory of the entrepreneur 83 4.6. Entrepreneur, innovation, territory and social networks 85 4.7. Mark Granovetter from social integration to weighted networks 88 4.8. Towards an evolutionist theory of the entrepreneur, or the heterogeneity of entrepreneurship 90 Chapter 5. Towards a Socioeconomics of the Entrepreneur: An Overview 93 5.1. The 13 keywords of the economics of the entrepreneur 93 5.2. On the entrepreneur s personality: the player and the system 95 5.3. Resource potential and the social integration of the entrepreneur 100 5.4. Overall picture of the theory of the entrepreneur 103 Conclusion 109 Bibliography 111 Index 123.