Contents; List of figures; List of tables; List of case studies; Preface; 1. Introduction; Background; The emergence and transformation of community development finance organisations; 2. Scope and method; 3. Financial performance of CDFIs; Outreach; Case-study organisations; CDFI architecture and the determinants of outreach; Summary of argument; 4. CDFI clients: impacts on individuals; Approach; Business-lending clients; Personal-lending clients; Impacts on business and personal-lending clients compared. Determinants of the process of exit from povertyConclusion: is a 'win-win' technology available for CDFIs?; 5. CDFI clients: community-level impacts; Approach; Investment in social networks: case studies; The formation of social capital networks and trust: explanatory hypotheses; Microfinance and community-building in ethnic-minority communities; Conclusion; 6. Fiscal impacts; Introduction; Policy towards CDFIs and welfare benefits, and their interrelationship; Impact of the welfare system on CDFIs; Implications and conclusions; 7. Where next?; The impact of CDFIs: summary of argument. What CDFIs need to doWhat other institutions need to (and are able to) do: the institutional and policy context; Appendix: transitions into and out of poverty, 2007-09; Notes; Bibliography; Index.