Contents Acknowledgements ix List of Thbles and Figures xi Abbreviations xiii Introduction: As the Apartment Blocks Are Rising I Defining Important Terms 6 Li Islamists: What Is in This Concept? 7 1.2 Public Housing and Its Contradictory Definition 8 2 Research Design: Or the Path Followed in This Book 9 2.1 Before All Else: Do We Really Need This Research Question? 9 2.2 Going beyond the Political Economy as We Know it 2.3 Methodological Remarks: Towards a Productive Arrangement 13 2.4 The Central Claim of the Study 14 3 The Organisation of the Book 15 2 Turkey as an Intriguing Case: Placing Turkey in an International Context 17 1 Involving Extensively and Directly: TOKI as an Innovative Case l' 2 Tendencies in the World: Neoliberal Restructuring in the Case of Housing 24 2.1 The EU and Turkey: Comparing the Role of the State 27 3 The Significance of TOKI from a Comparative Perspective 3o 3 What Do We Actually Know? The Discussions on TOKI and the Construction Industry 33 Construction and the Role of State In the AKP Era: A Fruitful Discussion 34 2 TOKI and Its Evolution in the AKP Era: The Academic Discourse 40 3 What to Explore? 47 4 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework and Methodological Anchor Introducing Cultural Political Economy to the Political Economy of Construction in Turkey 49 c PE: What Is Actually New? 51 2 SRA to CPE: Unpacking Jessop's Writings 52 Their Socially Constructed Nature and Material Dimensions 55 2.2 1.1.om emtstruals to the CunstructIon 411w Imaginarics 57 2.2.1 Filtering Out the Alternative Imaginorles: Pour Moth, of Selectivity ri9 3 What Does cen Actually Oiler to This Research? 61 4 The Concepts in Question 62 4.1 Historic Moe, Pmver Bloc mid Hegemony 63 4.2 What Is Clientellsme What Is Patronage? What Is Not? 69 5 The Conceptual Framework and Methodological Anchor 7t 6 The CO11(011111 01 the Case Study 72 7 The Dance of Agency, Structure, Institutions and Discourse 79 5 Class, State, Politics and Islamists in a Historical Context 8t The Emergence of Islamist Parties and the Anatolian Bourgeoisie 82 2 1980s: The Military Coup and the Rise of the Anatolian Bourgeoisie 86 2.1 The Anatolian Bourgeoisie and the Upswing In the Age of Neoliberalism 88 2.1.1 The Impacts of Internationalisation of Capital 89 2.1.2 Labour-Capital Relation and the New Islamic Accord gi 2.1.3 Anatolian Bourgeoisie and the Waves of Economic Liberalisation 95 2.1.4 Brotherhoods Went into the Business 97 2.2 The Impacts of the Rise of the Anatolian Bourgeoisie 98 3 Islamist Politics and the Business: The 19905 too 3.1 The Entrenchment if the Political Islam 103 3.2 Post-modern Coup: Attempting to Disrupt the Islamist Network 105 3.3 Power, Strategies and the AKP: A Conclusive Part 107 The Historical Development of Housing in Turkey: Demographical Change, State Involvement and Islamist imaginaries no 1 How to Approach Housing and Islamist Urban Imaginary 110 2 The Varieties of Modes of Housing Provisions 03 2.1 The Development of the Gecekondu Mode of Housing Provision no 23.1 Discourse, Patronage and the Politics of Gecekondu 124 2.2 ThSI-/960: )1111814d Flourishing 131 2.3 Mass Housing and TOK1: What to in Fact Novel? 135 2.4 A Balance Sheet q I. the Mode of Housing Provision and the 79900 .40 3 Housing and Urban Imaginaries of the Islamist in Historical Context 142 3.1 Islamists, 71irkey's Cities, Gecekondu and Istanbul before Its 'Conquest' 143 3.1.1 Islamist Critiques and Alternative Urban Models 145 3.2 The Housing and Urban Practices of Islamists and the Change in the Discourse after the Conquest of Istanbul 152 4 What Happened to the Islamist Urban Imaginary? 16o 7 The Imagined Tom and the Construction Imaginary in Turkey 162 The Housing, the Urban Space and the Discourses 163 The 'Constructive' Economic Imaginary in Turkey:The Growth and the Industry 169 3 The Representation of TOKI: The Legitimisation and Urban Development 175 4 Making of the Imagined TO KI 182 8 The Neoliberal Settings of the AKP Era 184 Introduction: Going beyond Discourse 184 Finance-Led Growth and Its Impacts on Housing 185 2.1 The Tenure Structure and Fin.cialisation 191 2.2 Urban nansforniation and Financialisation 193 2.3 REITS, TOK1 and Emlak Konut 195 2.4 The Reflection on the State-Finance and Construction Nexus in Turkey 198 3 The Welfare System, Public Housing and Patronage 199 3.1 The End of Social Redistribution as We Know 200 3.2 The New Forms of Distribution, Charity and Patronage 204 3.2.1 The Municipalities, Patronage and Charity 206 3.2.2 The Charity and Waqfs: The Religious Communities at Business 207 3.2.3 An Innovative Administration for Social Assistance 208 3,3 rota in the Welfare Ensemble: Looking So Much Alike 209 4 The Construction and State Involvement in the Age of Neoliberalisation 212 9 Conclusion: The Road to Hell Is Paved with Concrete 214 1 A Brief Introduction for Conclusion 214 2 The Institutionalisation of the State Involvement: Actors and Factors 216 3 Revisiting c PE under the Light of the Findings 222 4 Some Reflections as a Finale 224 References 227 Index 250