This book presents new methods for resolving important puzzles in macro-dynamic analysis: firstly detecting causal relations among changing dynamic variables; and secondly estimating the divisions of nominal income change into output change and price level change. The first topic is the basis of analysis of economic growth and business cycle phenomena, and as such has significant policy implications both in the medium and long term, for economic growth and development. The second topic is a quest for Milton Freidman's 'missing equations'; since this topic is vital for any analysis of inflation and output growth, and builds on Philips' curve phenomena, it will have important consequences for current policy discussions. Amano builds on careful empirical analyses, examining data from different countries and periods.