Chapter 1 Introduction: Growth versus Development 1 (22) The Geography of Development 5 (1) Measuring Growth and Development 6 (5) Alternative Benchmarks 11 (1) Criticisms of Development Measures 12 (2) The Faces of Poverty 14 (2) Contentions over Development 16 (7) PART I CONVENTIONAL THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT 23 (138) Chapter 2 Classical and Neoclassical Economics 25 (38) Enlightenment Origins of Political Economy 26 (3) The British Enlightenment 29 (3) The Classical Economists 32 (1) Adam Smith: Beginnings 33 (3) Godwin and Malthus 36 (1) Utilitarianism 37 (1) Ricardian Calculations 38 (4) Mill's Ethical Economics 42 (3) List's Skepticism 45 (1) Critique of Classical Economics 45 (2) Ricardo Was Wrong 47 (4) Neoclassical Economics 51 (5) Critique of Neoclassical Economics 56 (7) Chapter 3 From Keynesian Economics to Neoliberalism 63 (56) Dynamic Analysis 64 (2) Keynesian Economics 66 (1) Keynesian Monetary and Fiscal Policy 67 (1) Keynesian Social Democracy 68 (2) Keynesian Growth Theory 70 (2) New Growth Theory 72 (3) The Developmental State 75 (1) Structuralism and Import-Substitution 76 (4) Development Economics: Balanced Growth 80 (3) Unbalanced Growth 83 (3) The Counterrevolution in Development Economics 86 (3) Crisis in Keynesian Economics 89 (1) Neoliberalism 90 (8) Neoliberalism in Economic Policy 98 (3) World Bank Policy 101 (4) Benevolent Consensus 105 (2) Millennium Development Goals 107 (3) Debt Relief 110 (2) A Critique of Neoliberal Development 112 (7) Chapter 4 Development as Modernization 119 (42) Naturalism 121 (2) Rationalism 123 (4) Civilized Development 127 (2) Structural Functionalism 129 (3) The Parsonian Synthesis 132 (3) Critique of Structural Functionalism 135 (3) Sociological Modernization Theory 138 (2) Economic Modernization Theory 140 (1) Psychocultural Theories of Modernization 141 (2) Historical Stages of Modernization 143 (3) Modernization Surfaces 146 (2) Critique of the Modernization Approach 148 (3) The Return of Modernization 151 (2) The Eternal Return of Jeffrey Sachs 153 (2) Critique of Sachs 155 (3) Critique of Modernization 158 (3) PART II NONCONVENTIONAL, CRITICAL THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT 161 (146) Chapter 5 Marxism, Socialism, and Development 163 (59) Idealism and Materialism 164 (2) Dialectics 166 (1) Production as the Transformation of Nature 167 (2) Production as Social Relations 169 (1) Capital 170 (5) Mode of Production 175 (3) Development as Social Transformation 178 (2) Structural Marxism 180 (3) Imperialism 183 (5) Dependency Theory 188 (6) World-Systems Theory 194 (5) Regulation Theory 199 (5) Criticisms of Marxist and Neo-Marxist Theories 204 (4) The Marxist Reply 208 (2) Socialist Development in the USSR 210 (3) Cuba 213 (3) Venezuela 216 (4) Conclusion: Development in Contention 220 (2) Chapter 6 Poststructuralism, Postcolonialism, and Postdevelopmentism 222 (47) The Enlightenment and Its Critics 224 (4) Post-Enlightenment Criticisms 228 (1) Power-Truth-Knowledge 229 (5) Postcolonialism 234 (4) Intellectual Dependency Theory 238 (2) Rethinking Development 240 (4) The Poststructural Turn in Development Studies 244 (4) Encountering Development 248 (6) Postdevelopmentalism 254 (4) Conclusion: Countercritique 258 (11) Chapter 7 Feminist Theories of Development 269 (38) Feminist Epistemology 272 (8) Feminist Criticisms of Development Theory 280 (2) Women, Development, and Theory 282 (2) Women in Development 284 (5) Women and Development 289 (9) Gender and Development 298 (2) Women, Environment, and Development 300 (2) Postmodernism and Development 302 (1) Critique: A Failure of Nerve? 303 (4) PART III CRITICAL MODERNISM 307 (18) Chapter 8 Critical Modernism and Democratic Development 309 (16) Alternatives 310 (3) Critical Modernism 313 (1) Democratic Development 314 (3) Ethics 317 (1) Social Movements 318 (1) Linkages 319 (1) Radical Democracy 320 (5) References 325 (28) Index 353 (17) About the Authors 370